The signal integrity analysis of high-speed electronic designs requires that the interconnect models be valid over a wide bandwidth. To represent the frequency-dependent behavior of a complex ...

In the days of relatively slow 66-MHz buses, designers could ignore signal-integrity effects without problem, certainly for small boards. Similarly, they didn't have to know about S-parameters ...

S parameters play a dominant role in high speed PCB simulation and verification. Generation of S parameters is relatively easy at high frequency in comparison to other parameters like Y and Z. In this ...

As high-speed serial data rates advance beyond 50 Gb/s, conventional logic-emulating non-return-to-zero (NRZ) signaling is being replaced by PAM4, a four-level pulse amplitude-modulation scheme. PAM4 ...