My hands-on introduction to operational amplifiers was in 1969 while in the army as a junior scientist in the Atmospheric Science Laboratory at the White Sands Proving Grounds. We had taken a ...

As the name implies, if we finally put together all the elementary blocks above (transistors, current mirrors, current sources, differential stages and buffers) we finally come to something usable, ...

(Editor's Note: There are links to the previous parts of this series at the end, below the author's biography.) Now that we discussed some of the basic applications for an op amp (operational ...

And here it is, modelled using LTSpice. It is the same circuit as the classic simple precision rectifier (set to pass the negative half-sine), but with the non-inverting input of the op-amp connected ...

In a balanced op-amp circuit, the op-amp inputs see equal impedances looking into the circuit. Balanced circuits provide better performance by cancelling some input errors and have a simple R F /R I ...

Op amps excel at providing many useful and clever solutions to routine or complicated circuit functions. A summing circuit is a perfect example. A summing circuit is typically used in applications ...

Just as the common emitter amplifier and common base amplifier each tied those respective transistor terminals to a fixed potential and used the other two terminals as amplifier input and output, so ...